JAVA Class Fundamentals

August 3, 2023

class Fundamentals

Class Fundamentals of Java

Classes have been utilised in Java ever since its inception. But up until now, a class has only been utilised in its most basic form. The major purpose of the classes developed in the previous chapters was to merely contain the main () method, which was used to illustrate the fundamentals of Java grammar. Classes are significantly more powerful than the few ones that have been shown so far, as you will see.

Class supports many  fundamentals feature such Polymorphism ,Inheritance, Encapsulation, Abstraction 

This article covers all the details you need to know about Java class fundamentals.

Code example of class

Run

public class Employee
{
    String name, city, state;
    int age, phn_num;
            void display()
    {
                //body of the code;
     }
}

Some important features of java

  • Encapsulation
  • Abstraction
  • Inheritance
  • Polymorphism
fundamentals of java

Encapsulation :

Encapsulation in java

The definition of encapsulation is the grouping of data into a single unit. It is the method that connects the code to the data that it works with. Encapsulation can also be viewed as a barrier that stops code from the outside of the barrier from accessing the data.

Encapsulation’s key benefits are giving you control over your data, data hiding. You can implement the code inside the constructor function if you wish to set an ID value that must be higher than 100 alone. You can program the setter methods with logic that prevents the storage of negative integers.

Run 
public class Main {
    //ENCAPTULATION EXAMPLE CODE WITH GETTER AND SETTER METHOD
    private String name;
    private int age;
    private String address;
    private String phone;
    private String email;
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Main obj = new Main();
        obj.setAge(20);
        obj.setName("Rahul");
        System.out.println(obj.getName());
        System.out.println(obj.getAge());
    }
    //getter method
    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }
    //setter method
    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }
    public int getAge() {
        return age;
    }
    public void setAge(int age) {
        this.age = age;
    }
    public String getAddress() {
        return address;
    }
    public void setAddress(String address) {
        this.address = address;
    }
    public String getPhone() {
        return phone;
    }
    public void setPhone(String phone) {
        this.phone = phone;
    }
    public String getEmail() {
        return email;
    }
    public void setEmail(String email) {
        this.email = email;
    }
}

Output :

Rahul
20
java desk gif

Abstraction :

Abstraction in java

Abstraction is the technique of hiding implementation specifics from the user and only displaying functionality.
Data Another definition of abstraction is the process of focusing on an object’s necessary features while discarding its unimportant elements.

An object’s characteristics and actions set apart from other entities of the same type and aid in categorising the objects.

According to the dictionary, the ability to deal with concepts rather than occurrences is known as abstraction. When you think about the situation of email, for instance, complicated aspects like what occurs when you send an email and the protocol your email server uses are concealed from the user.

Therefore, all you need to do to send an email is compose the message, include the recipient’s address, and click “Send.”

Run 
public class Main {
    //ABSTRACTION EXAMPLE CODE for car 
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Car obj = new Car();
        obj.start();
        obj.stop();
        obj.accelerate();
        obj.brake();
    }
}
//car 
abstract class Vehicle {
    abstract void start();
    abstract void stop();
    abstract void accelerate();
    abstract void brake();
}
//car
class Car extends Vehicle {
    void start() {
        System.out.println("Car started");
    }
    void stop() {
        System.out.println("Car stopped");
    }
    void accelerate() {
        System.out.println("Car accelerated");
    }
    void brake() {
        System.out.println("Car braked");
    }
}

Output :

Car started
Car stopped
Car accelerated
Car braked

Inheritance :

Inheritance in java

One object can acquire all of a parent object’s properties and actions through the concept of inheritance in Java.
A new class that inherits from a base classes is indicated by the extends keyword. The word “extends” means to make something more functional.
The derived class can add new features its own without altering the base class’s attributes, and it inherits all of the base class’s properties.
In the derived class, protected components can be easily accessed but private members from the base class cannot.

Run 
public class Main {
    //INHERITANCE EXAMPLE CODE of animal
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Animal obj = new Animal();
        obj.eat();
        obj.sleep();
        obj.walk();
    }

}
//human
class Animal {
    void eat() {
        System.out.println("Animal is eating");
    }
    void sleep() {
        System.out.println("Animal is sleeping");
    }
    void walk() {
        System.out.println("Animal is walking");
    }
}
//animal
class Human extends Animal {
    void eat() {
        System.out.println("Human is eating");
    }
    void sleep() {
        System.out.println("Human is sleeping");
    }
    void walk() {
        System.out.println("Human is walking");
    }
}

Output :

Animal is eating
Animal is sleeping
Animal is walking

Polymorphism :

Polymorphism in Java

Polymorphism in Java refers to the ability of a class to take on multiple forms. It allows a subclass to provide a specific implementation of a method that is already defined in its superclass. Polymorphism is one of the four fundamental principles of object-oriented programming (OOP), along with encapsulation, inheritance, and abstraction.

There are two types of polymorphism in Java :

 

  1. Compile-time Polymorphism (also known as method overloading): This occurs when multiple methods in the same class have the same name but different parameter lists (number or type of parameters). The correct method is determined at compile-time based on the method signature.
    class MathOperations {
    int add(int a, int b) {
        return a + b;
    }

    double add(double a, double b) {
        return a + b;
    }
}

     

  2. Run-time Polymorphism (also known as method overriding): This occurs when a subclass provides a specific implementation for a method that is already defined in its superclass. The method in the subclass overrides the method in the superclass.
    class Animal {
    void makeSound() {
        System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");
    }
}

class Dog extends Animal {
    @Override
    void makeSound() {
        System.out.println("Dog barks");
    }
}

Code Example :

Run

// Superclass Animal
class Animal {
    void makeSound() {
        System.out.println("Animal makes a sound");
    }
}

// Subclass Dog
class Dog extends Animal {
    @Override
    void makeSound() {
        System.out.println("Dog barks");
    }
}

// Subclass Cat
class Cat extends Animal {
    @Override
    void makeSound() {
        System.out.println("Cat meows");
    }
}

// Main class
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Animal animal1 = new Dog();
        Animal animal2 = new Cat();

        animal1.makeSound();
        animal2.makeSound();
    }
}

Output :

Dog barks
Cat meows

Polymorphism in Java

Encapsulation in Java

Abstraction in Java

Multithreading in Java

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