Robert Bosch OOPS Quiz 3

Pointers are a concept commonly used in programming languages that support direct memory manipulation, like C and C++. While OOP languages can use pointers, they are not inherently linked to the core principles of OOP itself.

Functions are essential in all programming paradigms, including OOP, procedural programming, functional programming, etc. However, they are not exclusive to OOP and do not define the core principles of object-oriented design.

Sequential Execution refers to the normal flow of program execution, and it is not a specific feature of Object-Oriented Programming. Instead, it is a characteristic of procedural programming paradigms.

The code defines a base class `Person` with a constructor that initializes the `name` and `age` attributes. It also defines a derived class `Employee` that inherits from `Person` and adds a `salary` attribute. In the given code snippet, an `Employee` object `e` is created with name "John", age 25, and salary 5000. The `name`, `age`, and `salary` attributes are then accessed using dot notation (`e.name`, `e.age`, `e.salary`) and printed. Therefore, the output is:

John 25 5000

The code defines a base class `BankAccount` with a constructor that initializes the `balance` attribute and `deposit` and `withdraw` methods. It also defines a derived class `SavingsAccount` that inherits from `BankAccount` and overrides the `withdraw` method to check if the balance is sufficient after deducting the amount and an additional 100. In the given code snippet, a `SavingsAccount` object `s` is created with an initial balance of 1000. The `withdraw` method is then called on `s` with an amount of 500. Since the balance is greater than or equal to 600 (500 + 100), the amount is deducted from the balance. Therefore, the output is:

500

The code defines a base class `Animal` with a constructor that initializes the `name` attribute and a `speak` method. It also defines three derived classes `Dog`, `Cat`, and `Horse` that inherit from `Animal` and override the `speak` method. In the given code snippet, a `Dog` object `d` is created with name "Buddy", a `Cat` object `c` is created with name "Whiskers", and a `Horse` object `h` is created with name "Thunder". The `speak` method is then called on `d`, `c`, and `h`, which calls the overridden methods in the respective classes. Therefore, the output is:

Woof!
Meow!
Animal speaks

The code defines a base class `Shape` with a constructor that initializes the `sides` attribute and a `get_info` method. It also defines three derived classes `Triangle`, `Square`, and `Circle` that inherit from `Shape` and set the `sides` attribute using `super().__init__()` with the appropriate number of sides. In the given code snippet, a `Triangle` object `t` is created with 3 sides, a `Square` object `s` is created with 4 sides, and a `Circle` object `c` is created with 0 sides. The `get_info` method is then called on `t`, `s`, and `c`, which returns "This shape has 3 sides.", "This shape has 4 sides.", and "This shape has 0 sides." respectively. Therefore, the output is:

 

This shape has 3 sides.

This shape has 4 sides.

This shape has 0 sides.

An abstract class can define both abstract and non-abstract methods, provide default implementations, and have constructors, while an interface can only define abstract methods and cannot provide default implementations or have constructors.

Exception handling allows the handling and recovery from runtime errors, preventing the program from crashing and providing a way to handle unexpected situations.

Checked exceptions are checked at compile-time, meaning they need to be declared in the method signature or caught explicitly, while unchecked exceptions do not need to be declared or caught.